twisted.python.url.URL : API documentation

A URL represents a URL and provides a convenient API for modifying its parts.

A URL is split into a number of distinct parts: scheme, host, port, path segments, query parameters and fragment identifier:

   http://example.com:8080/a/b/c?d=e#f
   ^ scheme           ^ port     ^ query parameters
          ^ host           ^ path segments
                                     ^ fragment

You can construct URL objects by passing in these components directly, like so:

   >>> from twisted.python.url import URL
   >>> URL(scheme=u'https', host=u'example.com',
   ...     path=[u'hello', u'world'])
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/hello/world')

Or you can use the fromText method you can see in the output there:

   >>> URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/hello/world')
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/hello/world')

There are two major advantages of using URL over representing URLs as strings. The first is that it's really easy to evaluate a relative hyperlink, for example, when crawling documents, to figure out what is linked:

   >>> URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/base/uri/').click(u"/absolute")
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/absolute')
   >>> (URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/base/uri/')
   ...  .click(u"relative/path"))
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/base/uri/relative/path')

The other is that URLs have two normalizations. One representation is suitable for humans to read, because it can represent data from many character sets - this is the Internationalized, or IRI, normalization. The other is the older, US-ASCII-only representation, which is necessary for most contexts where you would need to put a URI. You can convert *between* these representations according to certain rules. URL exposes these conversions as methods:

   >>> URL.fromText(u"https://→example.com/foo⇧bar/").asURI()
   URL.fromText(u'https://xn--example-dk9c.com/foo%E2%87%A7bar/')
   >>> (URL.fromText(u'https://xn--example-dk9c.com/foo%E2%87%A7bar/')
        .asIRI())
   URL.fromText(u'https://\u2192example.com/foo\u21e7bar/')

See Also	RFC 3986, Uniform Resource Identifier (URI): Generic Syntax
	RFC 3987, Internationalized Resource Identifiers

Instance Variable	scheme	The URI scheme. (type: `unicode`)
Instance Variable	user 0	The username portion of the URL, if specified; otherwise the empty string. (type: `unicode`)
Instance Variable	userinfo	The username and password portions of the URL, if specified, separated with colons. If not specified, the empty string. (type: `unicode`)
Instance Variable	host	The host name. (type: `unicode`)
Instance Variable	port	The port number. (type: `int`)
Instance Variable	path	The path segments. (type: `tuple` of `unicode`.)
Instance Variable	query	The query parameters, as (name, value) pairs. (type: `tuple` of 2-`tuple`s of (name: `unicode`, value: (`unicode` for values or `None` for stand-alone query parameters with no `=` in them)).)
Instance Variable	fragment	The fragment identifier. (type: `unicode`)
Instance Variable	rooted	Does the path start with a `/`? This is taken from the terminology in the BNF grammar, specifically the `path-rootless`, rule, since "absolute path" and "absolute URI" are somewhat ambiguous. `path` does not contain the implicit prefixed `"/"` since that is somewhat awkward to work with. (type: `bool`)
Method	__init__	Create a new `URL` from structured information about itself.
Method	user	The user portion of `userinfo`; everything up to the first `":"`.
Method	authority	Compute and return the appropriate host/port/userinfo combination.
Method	__eq__	`URL`s are equal to `URL` objects whose attributes are equal.
Method	__ne__	`URL`s are unequal to `URL` objects whose attributes are unequal.
Method	absolute	Is this URL complete enough to resolve a resource without resolution relative to a base-URI?
Method	replace	Make a new instance of `self.__class__`, passing along the given arguments to its constructor.
Class Method	fromText	Parse the given string into a URL object.
Method	child	Construct a `URL` where the given path segments are a child of this url, presering the query and fragment.
Method	sibling	Construct a url where the given path segment is a sibling of this url.
Method	click	Resolve the given URI reference relative to this (base) URI.
Method	asURI	No summary
Method	asIRI	Convert a `URL` object that potentially contains text that has been percent-encoded or IDNA encoded into a `URL` object containing the text as it should be presented to a human for reading.
Method	asText	Convert this URL to its canonical textual representation.
Method	__repr__	Convert this URL to an `eval`-able representation that shows all of its constituent parts.
Method	add	Create a new `URL` with a given query argument, `name`, added to it with the value `value`, like so:
Method	set	Create a new `URL` with all existing occurrences of the query argument `name`, if any, removed, then add the argument with the given value, like so:
Method	get	Retrieve a list of values for the given named query parameter.
Method	remove	Create a new `URL` with all query arguments with the given name removed.

scheme =

The URI scheme. (type: unicode)

user 0 =

The username portion of the URL, if specified; otherwise the empty string. (type: unicode)

userinfo =

The username and password portions of the URL, if specified, separated with colons. If not specified, the empty string. (type: unicode)

host =

The host name. (type: unicode)

port =

The port number. (type: int)

path =

The path segments. (type: tuple of unicode.)

query =

The query parameters, as (name, value) pairs. (type: tuple of 2-tuples of (name: unicode, value: (unicode for values or None for stand-alone query parameters with no = in them)).)

fragment =

The fragment identifier. (type: unicode)

rooted =

Does the path start with a /? This is taken from the terminology in the BNF grammar, specifically the path-rootless, rule, since "absolute path" and "absolute URI" are somewhat ambiguous. path does not contain the implicit prefixed "/" since that is somewhat awkward to work with. (type: bool)

def __init__(self, scheme=None, host=None, path=(), query=(), fragment=u'', port=None, rooted=None, userinfo=u''): (source)

Create a new URL from structured information about itself.

@property
def user(self): (source)

The user portion of userinfo; everything up to the first ":".

def authority(self, includeSecrets=False): (source)

Compute and return the appropriate host/port/userinfo combination.

Parameters	includeSecrets	should the return value of this method include secret information? `True` if so, `False` if not (type: `bool`)
Returns	The authority (network location and user information) portion of the URL. (type: `unicode`)

def __eq__(self, other): (source)

URLs are equal to URL objects whose attributes are equal.

def __ne__(self, other): (source)

URLs are unequal to URL objects whose attributes are unequal.

@property
def absolute(self): (source)

Is this URL complete enough to resolve a resource without resolution relative to a base-URI?

def replace(self, scheme=_unspecified, host=_unspecified, path=_unspecified, query=_unspecified, fragment=_unspecified, port=_unspecified, rooted=_unspecified, userinfo=_unspecified): (source)

Make a new instance of self.__class__, passing along the given arguments to its constructor.

Parameters	scheme	the scheme of the new URL; if unspecified, the scheme of this URL. (type: `unicode`)
	host	the host of the new URL; if unspecified, the host of this URL. (type: `unicode`)
	path	the path segments of the new URL; if unspecified, the path segments of this URL. (type: iterable of `unicode`)
	query	the query elements of the new URL; if unspecified, the query segments of this URL. (type: iterable of 2-`tuple`s of key, value.)
	fragment	the fragment of the new URL; if unspecified, the query segments of this URL. (type: `unicode`)
	port	the port of the new URL; if unspecified, the port of this URL. (type: `int`)
	rooted	`True` if the given `path` are meant to start at the root of the host; `False` otherwise. Only meaningful for relative URIs. (type: `bool`)
	userinfo	A string indicating information about an authenticated user. (type: `unicode`)
Returns	a new `URL`.

@classmethod
def fromText(cls, s): (source)

Parse the given string into a URL object.

Relative path references are not supported.

Parameters	s	a valid URI or IRI (type: `unicode`)
Returns	the parsed representation of `s` (type: `URL`)

def child(self, *segments): (source)

Construct a URL where the given path segments are a child of this url, presering the query and fragment.

For example:

   >>> (URL.fromText(u"http://localhost/a/b?x=y")
        .child(u"c", u"d").asText())
   u'http://localhost/a/b/c?x=y'

Parameters	segments	A path segment. (type: `tuple` of `unicode`)
Returns	a new `URL` with the additional path segments. (type: `URL`)

def sibling(self, segment): (source)

Construct a url where the given path segment is a sibling of this url.

Parameters	segment	A path segment. (type: `unicode`)
Returns	a new `URL` with its final path segment replaced with `segment`. (type: `URL`)

def click(self, href): (source)

Resolve the given URI reference relative to this (base) URI.

The resulting URI should match what a web browser would generate if you click on href in the context of this URI.

Parameters	href	a URI reference (type: `unicode` or ASCII `str`)
Returns	a new absolute `URL`
See Also	RFC 3986 section 5, Reference Resolution

def asURI(self): (source)

Convert a URL object that potentially contains non-ASCII characters into a URL object where all non-ASCII text has been encoded appropriately. This is useful to do in preparation for sending a URL, or portions of it, over a wire protocol. For example:

   >>> URL.fromText(u"https://→example.com/foo⇧bar/").asURI()
   URL.fromText(u'https://xn--example-dk9c.com/foo%E2%87%A7bar/')

Returns a new URL with its path-segments, query-parameters, and hostname appropriately decoded, so that they are all in the US-ASCII range. (type: URL)

def asIRI(self): (source)

Convert a URL object that potentially contains text that has been percent-encoded or IDNA encoded into a URL object containing the text as it should be presented to a human for reading.

For example:

   >>> (URL.fromText(u'https://xn--example-dk9c.com/foo%E2%87%A7bar/')
        .asIRI())
   URL.fromText(u'https://\u2192example.com/foo\u21e7bar/')

Returns a new URL with its path-segments, query-parameters, and hostname appropriately decoded. (type: URL)

def asText(self, includeSecrets=False): (source)

Convert this URL to its canonical textual representation.

Parameters	includeSecrets	Should the returned textual representation include potentially sensitive information? The default, `False`, if not; `True` if so. Quoting from RFC3986, section 3.2.1: "Applications should not render as clear text any data after the first colon (":") character found within a userinfo subcomponent unless the data after the colon is the empty string (indicating no password)." (type: `bool`)
Returns	The serialized textual representation of this `URL`, such as `u"http://example.com/some/path?some=query"`. (type: `unicode`)

def __repr__(self): (source)

Convert this URL to an eval-able representation that shows all of its constituent parts.

def add(self, name, value=None): (source)

Create a new URL with a given query argument, name, added to it with the value value, like so:

   >>> URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=y').add(u'x')
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=y&x')
   >>> URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=y').add(u'x', u'z')
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=y&x=z')

Parameters	name	The name (the part before the `=`) of the query parameter to add. (type: `unicode`)
	value	The value (the part after the `=`) of the query parameter to add. (type: `unicode`)
Returns	a new `URL` with the parameter added.

def set(self, name, value=None): (source)

Create a new URL with all existing occurrences of the query argument name, if any, removed, then add the argument with the given value, like so:

   >>> URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=y').set(u'x')
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x')
   >>> URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=y').set(u'x', u'z')
   URL.fromText(u'https://example.com/?x=z')

Parameters	name	The name (the part before the `=`) of the query parameter to add. (type: `unicode`)
	value	The value (the part after the `=`) of the query parameter to add. (type: `unicode`)
Returns	a new `URL` with the parameter added or changed.

def get(self, name): (source)

Retrieve a list of values for the given named query parameter.

Parameters	name	The name of the query parameter to retrieve. (type: `unicode`)
Returns	all the values associated with the key; for example, for the query string `u"x=1&x=2"`, `url.query.get(u"x")` would return `[u'1', u'2']`; `url.query.get(u"y")` (since there is no `"y"` parameter) would return the empty list, `[]`. (type: `list` of `unicode`)

def remove(self, name): (source)

Create a new URL with all query arguments with the given name removed.

Parameters	name	The name of the query parameter to remove. (type: `unicode`)
Returns	a new `URL` with the parameter removed.

API Documentation for Twisted, generated by pydoctor at 2016-04-11 10:39:53.

twisted.python.url.URL(object) class documentation

`twisted.python.url.URL(object)` class documentation